venerdì 5 marzo 2021

The Great Challenges of Humanity in the next decade and the Decalogue of the Responsible Citizen

In the decade from 2021 to 2030, humanity will have to face five great challenges (in addition to the current Covid-19 pandemic). The choices made in this decade may mark the development of Human Society for many more decades, perhaps even centuries, to come.


In 2020, and for a good part of 2021, the biggest crisis in Human Society is and will be the Covid-19 Pandemic. This crisis will be resolved worldwide within 2021 thanks to the (already started) vaccines. However, it will have already led to the death of over 3,000,000 citizens in the world. In addition to this epidemic crisis, Humanity will have to confront five other major challenges in this decade:


1.     The economic crisis

2.     The Climate and Environmental Crisis

3.     Islamic fundamentalism

4.     Chinese imperialism

5.     Global extreme economic inequality



1. THE ECONOMIC CRISIS

The economic crisis is already weighing and will continue to weigh in on all world economies as a consequence of the pandemic, except for China’s (which is instead finding a strong ally in the pandemic to accelerate its economic growth compared to Western countries), and some other Asian countries such as Singapore and South Korea.  This economic crisis has already created millions of unemployed and underemployed and will continue to create tens of millions more, especially in Africa, Europe, the Americas, and in the weaker Asian economies. This will happen before the world’s worst affected economies can return to pre-pandemic economic growth within the next four years. Finally, the pandemic and the economic crisis will accelerate social and economic inequalities. The consequences will be social tensions, hunger, and violence which risk generating more deaths worldwide in the following five years than those caused by the pandemic.


2. THE ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS AND GLOBAL WARMING

Scientists agree on the devastating consequences of Global Warming if the warming of the planet, mainly due to CO2 emissions in the atmosphere, should exceed pre-industrial temperatures by more than 1.5 degrees Celsius. Furthermore, it was believed that we had more time (until 2050) to correct the problem. Unfortunately, times are shortening and if CO2 emissions are not cut by at least 50% before 2030, the phenomenon risks spinning out of control. Extreme phenomena (melting of glaciers, advancing desertification, floods, and storms) are constantly growing and are already causing increased migration from the worst affected countries as well as hundreds of thousands of deaths from hunger, violence, and various hardships. We must act IMMEDIATELY, otherwise the number of deaths leading to 2050 will continue to grow in the hundreds of thousands, potentially reaching over a billion human beings.


3. ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM

Islamic fundamentalism is an instrument of religious nature used by some Muslim countries (particularly in the Middle East), to exploit socioeconomic instability of millions of muslims in the world to obtain geopolitical advantages.  These countries which support Islamic Fundamentalism obtain their resources from fossil fuel proceeds.  Unfortunately, Fundamentalism, in pursuing its sociopolitical objectives has perpetrated in some cases terrifying terrorist acts.  The phenomena is most recently in decline, but continues to be a threat for countries of other religions.


4. CHINESE IMPERIALISM

The Chinese economy has been growing for many years much more rapidly than that of more advanced western economies.  Today, it is the second world economy and with the current growth differentials, it will surpass the US economy within the next 15 years, to become solidly the first world economy.  Even technologically, China is progressing in leaps and strides, especially in strategic fields like Artificial Intelligence, Ultra Wideband (5G), and the transition to green technologies towards “zero emissions”.  And their internal growth is associated with a strong foreign expansionism through the acquisition of many companies in advanced sectors and of strategic foreign infrastructure.  And up to this point, it is all legitimate.  The problem is that China is a dictatorship, and hence its economic expansionism risks having political and social consequences on the countries which enter its orbit with unexpected impacts but surely negative on the democratic liberties of these countries and their citizens. 



5. EXTREME WEALTH INEQUALITIES

This is the biggest and most shameful challenge.  According to the last OXFAM report, the 2135 billionaires (richest people in the world), owned, in 2020, the equivalent of the cumulative wealth of over 4.600.000.000 of the world’s poorest (over 60% of the world population). The 26 richest people in the world own the same cumulative wealth of the 3.500.000.000 poorest of the world (nearly half of the world population).  And this extreme wealth gap continues to increase.  The rich become richer and the poor increase.  THIS IS THE GREATEST DISGRACE OF OUR TIMES. De facto, an “informal club” has formed of the few hundred super rich of the word, who know each other and collaborate informally, and have such economic power to not only control world economies, but also to have politicians of their choice elected, hence controlling also world political systems on economic aspects that secure their privileges.


To win these 5 great challenges, the Governments of all world Countries should commit through legislative choices which aim at sustaining the energetic transition towards renewables, at fighting monopolies and at sustaining SME (Small and Medium Enterprises) with adequate fiscal incentives, at protecting strategic sectors of their economies from foreign acquisitions, at helping the economically weakest citizens with free school at least until the age of 16, free health care, and solidarity subsidies for whomever is in conditions of extreme poverty, and finally, and above all, with very redistributive fiscal policies that redistribute wealth from the richest towards the State, and through the latter towards the social services and support that favour the most vulnerable. In the fiscal sector, a very important aspect would be the imposition of a wealth tax of 1% on the first 10 Million Euro equivalent in wealth (excluding the first home and the first 200K Euros saved), and of 2% on the wealth above 10 Million Euro equivalent.  This wealth tax would in fact exclude 95% of the population and affect only a very small portion of the most affluent.


The European Union and more specifically, the Countries of the Eurozone, are, I believe, the biggest and most involved economic macrosystem tackling these challenges, and as macrosystem, they have the dimensions of scale, economically, geographically, demographically, and politically, to be able to do so.

In any case, citizens, as individuals, can contribute to overcome these challenges with their daily virtuous behavior, without having to wait for Governments to act, by following the Decalogue of the Responsible Citizen below.



Decalogue of the Responsible Citizen


 1. Apply in all behaviours the three Rs of Ecology:

                Reduce     

Reuse   

Recycle 


2. Reduce meat as much as possible, especially beef (which for the same calories, uses 5 times the land of a vegetarian diet, sheep meat 4 times, and poultry 3 times).  This will benefit human health as well as the environment.  Factory farms are the major cause of deforestation.


3. Use ECOSIA as an internet search engine.  ECOSIA has a policy by which it uses 80% of its proceeds from advertising to finance tree planting in a number of countries in the world, slowing down the process of deforestation.  Every year 15 Billion trees are cut down and only 5 Billion are planted…


4. Buy agricultural products directly from the producers, where possible, at zero Km, or at least originating from one’s country, or at most from the macrosystem where one lives (for example Italy, or at most from the EU).


5. Drastically reduce or even eliminate plastic consumption, and for single use plastics only use biodegradable plastic.


6. Install photovoltaic panels on the roofs of one’s home or apartment building, and storage batteries and heat pumps to produce heating and hot water.  In addition, sign contract for the supply of electricity (and gas for residual needs) with Companies that guarantee its origin from renewable sources.


7. Promote in one’s social circles (workplace, religious community, municipal offices…) renewable energyes as in point 6.


8. For city mobility, opt for public transportation.  And in any case, for one’s own private means of transport, buy or rent electric or hybrid plug-in cars. 


9. Never buy products “Made in China”, even if from European companies.


10. European citizens should favor through their behaviour, communication contacts, and especially their vote in political elections, all pro-Europe formations that aim for the creation of a “United States of Europe” that can be the economic macrosystem able to conquer (and serve as example to the whole world), the 5 great challenges facing Humanity. 





Italian translation:


Le grandi sfide dell’Umanita’ nella prossima decade ed il Decalogo del Cittadino Responsabile

Nella decade dal 2021 al 2030, l’Umanità dovrà affrontare 5 grandi SFIDE (oltre alla Pandemia attuale del Covid-19).  Le scelte che saranno fatte in questa decade potrebbero segnare lo sviluppo della Società Umana per molte decadi e forse per secoli a venire.

Nel 2020 e per buona parte del 2021 la più grande crisi della Società Umana è e sarà la Pandemia del Covi-19.  Questa crisi sarà risolta a livello mondiale entro il 2021 grazie all’arrivo (già iniziato) dei vaccini.  Essa comunque avrà creato tra il 2020 ed il 2021 oltre 3.000.000 di morti nel mondo.  Oltre a questa crisi epidemica, l’Umanità dovrà affrontare in questa decade altre 5 grandi sfide:


1. La crisi economica

2. La crisi ambientale ed il Global Warming

3. Il Fondamentalismo Islamico

4. L’ imperialismo cinese

5. L’estrema diseguaglianza economica nel mondo


1. LA CRISI ECONOMICA 

La crisi economica sta pesando e continuerà  a pesare come conseguenza della pandemia su tutte le economie mondiali, escluse quella gigantesca della Cina (che sta invece  trovando un forte alleato nella pandemia per accelerare la sua crescita economica rispetto alle economie occidentali), e di qualche altro Paese asiatico come Singapore e Corea del Sud. Questa crisi economica ha già creato milioni di disoccupati e sottoccupati e continuerà a crearne altre decine di milioni, sopratutto in Africa, Europa e le Americhe, e nelle economie più deboli dell’Asia, prima che le varie economie mondiali più colpite ritornino alla crescita economica di prima della pandemia entro i prossimi 4 anni. Infine la pandemia e la crisi economia accelereranno le diseguaglianze economiche e sociali.  Le conseguenze saranno tensioni sociali, fame e violenze che rischiano di generare  nei prossimi 5 anni più morti nel mondo di quelli fatti dalla pandemia.


2. LA CRISI AMBIENTALE ED IL GLOBAL WARMING

Gli scienziati sono concordi sulle devastanti conseguenze del Riscaldamento Globale se il riscaldamento del Pianeta, dovuto sopratutto alle emissioni di CO2 nell’atmosfera, superasse di 1.5 gradi centigradi il livello della temperatura preindustriale. Inoltre si pensava che avessimo più tempo (fino al 2050) per correggere il problema. Purtroppo i tempi si stano riducendo ed ora

si sa che se non si tagliano di almeno il 50% le emissioni di CO2 attuali entro il 2030, il fenomeno rischia di essere incontrollabile.  I fenomeni estremi (scioglimento dei ghiacciai, desertificazioni che avanzano, inondazioni, tempeste...) sono in continua crescita e stanno creando già emigrazioni crescenti dai paesi più colpiti e centinaia di migliaia di morti di fame, di violenze e stenti vari.  Bisogna agire SUBITO, altrimenti i morti da ora al 2050 si conteranno in molte centinaia di milioni e forse più di un miliardo di esseri umani. 


3. IL FONDAMENTALISMO ISLAMICO

Il Fondamentalismo Islamico è lo strumento di natura religiosa utilizzato da alcuni Paesi di religione Mussulmana (principalmente nel Medio Oriente) per sfruttare il disagio economico e sociale di milioni di mussulmani nel mondo per trarne vantaggi geopolitici. Questi Paesi che alimentano il Fondamentalismo Islamico traggono le risorse dai proventi dei combustibili fossili.  Purtroppo il Fondamentalismo nel perseguire obiettivi politico/sociali si è avvalso in alcuni casi di atti terroristici spaventosi.  Più recentemente il fenomeno è in calo, ma continua ad essere una

minaccia per i Paesi di altre religioni.


4. L’IMPERIALISMO CINESE

L’economia cinese cresce da molti anni molto più rapidamente di quelle dei Paesi Occidentali più avanzati. Oggi è la seconda economia del mondo e coi differenziali di crescita attuali, supererà quella degli USA entro i prossimi 15 anni per diventare solidamente la prima al mondo. Anche tecnologicamente la Cina sta compiendo passi da gigante, specialmente in aree strategiche come l’Intelligenza Artificiale, la Banda Ultra larga (5 G), e le tecnologie “verdi” per la transizione

energetica verso “emissioni zero”. E la loro crescita interna si associa ad un forte espansionismo estero con l’acquisizione di tante società estere in settori avanzati e di infrastrutture estere strategiche. E fin qui tutto legittimo. Il problema è dato dal fatto che la Cina è retta da una dittatura, e quindi il loro espansionismo economico rischia di avere conseguenze politiche e sociali sui Paesi che entrano nella loro orbita con impatti imprevedibili ma certamente negative sulle libertà democratiche di questi Paesi e dei loro cittadini.


5. L’ESTREMA DISEGUAGLIANZA ECONOMICA NEL MONDO

Questa è la sfida più difficile ed è anche la più vergognosa. Secondo l’ultimo rapporto OXFAM i 2153 miliardari (persone più ricche del mondo) possedevano nel 2020 una ricchezza pari a quella 

cumulativa delle oltre 4.600.000.000 persone più povere ( oltre 60% della popolazione mondiale ).

O anche le 26 persone più ricche del mondo hanno la stessa ricchezza cumulata delle 3.500.000.000 più povere del mondo (quasi la metà della popolazione mondiale).  E questa estrema diseguaglianza continuare ad aumentare…. I ricchi diventano più ricchi ed i più poveri aumentano… E’ LA MAGGIORE VERGOGNA DEI NOSTRI TEMPI.  Di fatto si è formato un “club informale” di pochi super-ricchi nel mondo, qualche centinaio, che si conoscono tra loro e collaborano informalmente, ed hanno una potenza economica tale da, non solo controllare 

le economie mondiali, ma anche di fare eleggere i politici che scelgono loro, finendo per controllare anche i sistemi politici mondiali sugli aspetti economici che garantiscono i loro privilegi.


Per vincere queste 5 grandi sfide i Governi di tutti i Paesi del mondo dovrebbero impegnarsi con scelte legislative volte a sostenere la transizione energetica verso le fonti rinnovabili, a combattere i monopoli e sostenere le PMI con opportuni incentivi fiscali, a proteggere i settori strategici delle proprie economie da acquisizioni straniere, ad aiutare i cittadini economicamente più deboli con la scuola gratuita almeno fino a 16 anni, la sanità pubblica gratuita, e sussidi di solidarietà per chiunque sia in condizioni di povertà estrema, e infine, e sopratutto, con politiche fiscali molto redistributive per ridistribuire la ricchezza dai più ricchi verso lo Stato e tramite questo verso i servizi e gli aiuti sociali che favoriscono i più deboli. Nel settore fiscale, un aspetto molto

importante sarebbe l’imposizione di una tassa patrimoniale del 1% sul patrimonio (esclusa la prima casa ed i primi 200 K € di risparmi) sui primi 10 milioni di € equivalenti di patrimonio,

e del 2% sul patrimonio sopra i 10 milioni di € equivalenti.  Questa patrimoniale escluderebbe di fatto più del 95% della popolazione e toccherebbe solo una piccola fascia dei più facoltosi.


L’Unione Europea e ancora più specificamente i Paesi dell’Eurozona, sono, secondo me il macro sistema economico più grande e più impegnato a confrontarsi con queste grandi sfide: ed essi hanno già come macro sistema la dimensione di scala economica, geografica, demografica  e politica per poterlo fare.


In ogni caso i cittadini, come individui, possono contribuire a vincere queste grandi sfide coi loro comportamenti quotidiani, senza aspettare che agiscano i Governi, attuando il seguente Decalogo del Cittadino Responsabile.




Decalogo del Cittadino Responsabile



1. Applicare in tutti i comportamenti le tre R dell’Ecologia:

                        Ridurre     

Riusare    

Riciclare 


2. Ridurre i consumi di carne al massimo specialmente quelle bovine (a parità di calorie la carne bovina usa 5 volte il terreno di una alimentazione vegetariana, quella ovina 4 volte e quella 

di pollame 3 volte). Fa bene alla salute e fa bene all’ambiente.  Gli allevamenti intensivi sono la causa maggiore delle deforestazioni.


3. Usare nelle proprie ricerche internet il motore di ricerca ECOSIA.  Questo “motore” ha la politica di usare l’80% dei loro proventi dalla  pubblicità per finanziare la piantagione di  alberi in vari Paesi del mondo frenando il processo di  deforestazione. Ogni anno nel mondo si tagliano 15 miliardi di alberi e se ne piantano solo 5 miliardi.....


4. Comprare prodotti agricoli direttamente dai produttori, ove possibile, ed a Km zero, o almeno originari del  proprio Paese o al massimo del macro sistema di appartenenza (es. l’Italia o al massimo la EU).


5. Ridurre drasticamente, o addirittura eliminare il consumo di plastica, e per quella usa e getta usare solo plastica biodegradabile.


6. Mettere i pannelli fotovoltaici sul tetto delle proprie case o condomini, e batterie di accumulo e pompe di calore nelle zone caldaie per produrre anche riscaldamento ed acqua calda.  Inoltre, fare contratti di forniture di luce e gas (per le necessità residue) con Società che ne garantiscano la provenienza da fonti rinnovabili.


7. Svolgere nei propri ambiti sociali (aziende in cui si lavora, comunità religiose, uffici comunali...) la promozione delle fonti rinnovabili come al precedente punto 6.


8. Per la mobilità urbana privilegiare i mezzi pubblici. E comunque, per i propri mezzi di trasporto privato, comprare o affittare auto elettriche, o ibride plug-in.


9. Mai comprare prodotti “Made in China”, anche se da società europee.


10. Come cittadini europei favorire con i propri comportamenti, i propri contatti di comunicazione, e sopratutto col proprio voto nelle elezioni politiche, tutte le formazioni europeiste che puntano alla formazione degli “ Stati Uniti d’Europa “ che può essere il sistema macro economico capace di vincere (e di fare da esempio a tutto il mondo) le 5 grandi sfide che confrontano l’Umanità.



lunedì 26 ottobre 2020

One of my Speeches on Ecology from 10 years ago

Ten years ago, I was invited by the government of Malta to give a speech on the values of ecology in private and public policy, and by chance, I have recently just found the article that had been published by the Malta Independent at the time, and I'm happy to share it here as I believe it is still relevant to the energy challenges and the dramatic climate crisis we are facing today.

N.B. I would just like to correct a figure at the bottom of this article, I cited 20 square kilometers, and not 20,000 square kilometers (PV plant to cover the energy needs of Malta), as erroneously reported in the article.

Nuclear Energy is no solution – Pasquale Pistorio

Malta IndependentSunday, 26 September 2010, 00:00Last update: about 7 years ago

It was an object lesson on the values of ecology in private and public policy.

The speaker was Pasquale Pistorio, for over 25 years at the head of STMicroelectronics. Now retired, Mr Pistorio, at 74, is still very active and travels around the world both as a well-known speaker and because of his many business links, apart from sitting on many international foundations.

He was speaking on Friday to a full house in the Phoenicia ballroom at a business breakfast organised by Leading Talks with, among others, The Malta Business Weekly as a sponsor.

There were people present yesterday who were absent last Friday when the government held the first consultation on a document on environment policy. Minister George Pullicino was not there nor were other ministers, (they accompanied the Prime Minister to a visit to Gozo’s Magro Brothers) but Labour MPs Leo Brincat and Owen Bonnici were, as were the chairmen of Mepa and of WasteServ. They, and a hall full of businessmen, were not wasting their time for Ing. Pistorio gave a memorable talk with unusual (for his listeners) clarity.

Eighty per cent of the energy needs of the world are satisfied by fossil fuels, Mr Pistorio began. Only six per cent of the world’s energy needs are satisfied through nuclear power, while 14 per cent are satisfied by traditional renewables, such as burning wood or bio-mass. New renewables are still too new to figure.

Fossil fuels dominate the energy needs of the world and formed the basis of the industrial revolution. The growth of the past 200 years in the world economy was due to fossil fuels, especially after World War II.

However, fossil fuels are dangerous for humanity.

1. They are dangerous because of the pollution they cause, such as the recent accident in the Gulf of Mexico. In Asia, some 600,000 people die every year because of pollution caused by fossil fuels. One has only to think of heavily polluted Beijing or Shanghai. In Italy, it has been calculated that if the cost of gasoline were to pay for all the maladies caused by it, the real price would double.

2. A global economy based on fossil fuels is the biggest threat to humanity, since they lead to the extremes we are seeing in weather patterns, more severe drought and increased desertification of the planet. Beijing, which risks being overtaken by the desert, is planning a wall of trees to keep the desert at bay. An increase of just two degrees in sea temperature will see millions forced out of their homes because of rising sea levels.

3. Fossil fuels in short supply may lead to wars. Among the causes of wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, oil supplies or their risk constitute a major factor.

4. Poor countries have difficult access to fossil fuels, so they pay an additional tax.

5. And, most importantly, fossil fuels are finite. Whether they will end in 50 years or 70 years is immaterial. As the end of supplies approaches, the scramble for the remaining supplies will be frantic, as we saw when oil rose to $150 a barrel and the world economy collapsed.

If the world is not to remain anchored to the very finite supplies of fossil fuels, what should be the alternative?

There has been, and still is, a big debate regarding nuclear energy. In Italy, where a 1987 referendum banned it, after 23 years they have still not dismantled the nuclear energy stations that there were.

Nuclear energy accounts for six per cent of the world’s energy supplies and produces 16 per cent of the electricity consumed in Europe.

But nuclear energy is not the way forward. Third generation nuclear power stations are very expensive. One has to factor in all the costs, not just the cost of the fuel and the cost of the operation, but also the cost of ensuring full security and the cost of decommissioning the plants.

Finland, which is building one new nuclear power station, is finding out two years down the line that the costs have doubled. According to a calculation made in Italy, the cost of electricity produced by a nuclear power station would be around $0.12 or $0.14 per kilowatt hour, whereas gas works out at some €0.08 and solar energy works out at some €0/10.

Only three developed countries are planning to build nuclear power plants: Finland, France and Japan. Not the US.

One reason could also be because of the time it takes to build a nuclear power station – from six to 10 years. The IEA has estimated that by 2030 the number of nuclear stations in the world will not be very different from the number we have today.

In addition, the uranium basis of such plants is also finite – we have some 70 years of supply at most. If, conceivably, the use of uranium were to increase four-fold, we will have used up all the uranium in 10 years. And then what?

Then there is also the issue of where to put the waste produced. The US has long had a project to bury such waste in the Utah Mountains, but after 20 years they have given up. In Italy, they are still deciding where to bury the waste produced pre-1987.

The only two solutions to the energy crisis are:

• cut energy consumption through more efficiency; and

• renewables.

At ST, an example was set so many years ago in 1993 when the company issued an Environmental Decalogue. This was based, back then, on an intuition that has since been proven to be correct: less energy used means more competitiveness. In the 11 years from 1994 to 2005, when Ing. Pistorio ended his term as chairman and CEO, ST made savings of some $900 million through the investment of some $300 million, hence increasing its profits by $600 million. In 2006, the company saved some $230 million more.

The Malta STM facility played a key role in this. Over the same 10 years it saved $30 million in energy costs, including $4.2 million in water consumption. All the water used is now recycled and 70 per cent of it is re-used, adding to a 60 per cent reduction in water consumed.

Can this be done by a country? It has been estimated that were the US to go for energy conservation, excluding the question of transportation, from 2010 to 2060 it would make a saving of $1.2 trillion following an investment of some $600 billion, thus saving $520 billion.

There is a very simple mechanism for doing this. There are three main players:

• the institutions

• the business enterprises

• the citizens.

And there are three ways of doing things:

• incentivise

• regulate

• educate.

Through these three, one can perform a miracle.

Incentivise: A government can get citizens to cut energy consumption such as, for instance, by providing tax rebates of up to 55 per cent to upgrade the environmental profile of their home. This is an action ‘for today, for the past and also for the near future.

Regulate: In the UK, as from 2016, new residential buildings have to be zero emission. By 2019, this will also apply to new commercial buildings. The rest of the EU will follow some years later. Italy has also planned to abolish the use of incandescent lamps. Other rules apply to appliances.

Educate: Get people to change their lifestyles. There is a small book entitled 50 ways to save the planet. Get people to prefer taking a shower instead of having a bath, as the latter uses more hot water. Get people to walk to buy the paper, rather than taking the car. Set the air-conditioning at an acceptable level – in hot Arizona you have to wear a coat in restaurants because they run the AC so high.

The EU has what it calls its 2020 targets, which also mean a 20 per cent cut in energy consumption by 2020. But the targets may even go up to 30 per cent. It would be easy if there was the right political will.

As for renewables, they are now a reality, from solar to thermo to PV, to wind to geothermal to biothermal.

Wind renewable energy is now mature. It could soon be as cheap as fossil fuels. In most coastal areas, wind energy could be as low as €0.05 per kw/hour. This is even cheaper than fossil fuels. Twenty per cent of the energy needs in Denmark come from wind energy, 10 per cent in Spain, eight per cent in Germany and from three to six per cent in the EU as a whole.

In 2009, wind energy produced some 158 gigawatts in the whole world, which works out at something like 55 power stations compared to the 375 nuclear power stations. But wind stations are increasing by 25 per cent a year. By 2025, energy from wind will overtake energy from nukes.

Solar energy is still young. Over the past year it produced only some 25 gigawatts, equivalent to four power stations. But it has a 50 per cent growth rate and the costs are falling. Last year in the US solar energy went below the $1 mark.

Thermo dynamics create energy through using huge mirrors. Covering just two per cent of the world’s deserts by such mirrors would solve all the energy needs of the entire world. The cost is still high but is falling.

Photovoltaic energy will reach parity by mid-decade. There is still so much research to be done that will make this and other renewables more efficient and cost-effective by the second half of this century.

Malta is in an ideal situation to go for renewables. It is a small island, its population is quite intelligent and it is very sunny. A Sicilian saying says that the sun that hits one square metre of Sicilian land is the equivalent of one barrel of oil.

Malta could become the first country in the world to be carbon free, for instance by 2030, the first country in the world to get its energy needs from clean renewables.

A green economy also creates jobs. In Germany, three to four million jobs have been created by the green economy – 400,000 in renewable energy and 900,000 in energy conservation. There are very few jobs in nuclear energy.

Malta is very small; the three principals mentioned earlier could come together and plan the future as Copenhagen did when it said that 10 per cent of all buildings had to conserve energy over two years. New buildings in Malta could be made energy efficient, while old buildings could be made energy efficient as well. Malta is not a cold country, so houses do not need 24-hour heating. Light appliances could be regulated, banning all except energy savers. Malta could also go for electric cars, since it is so small. And Malta could also establish a PV facility with 100,000 units, or a wind farm, in Sicily, say, with the energy so produced reaching Malta through an undersea cable. Or it could build a 20,000 sq. km plant in Libya and use it to supply energy needs in Malta.

Malta could very well become a zero carbon emission country by 2030.